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本文目录
4楼腰线房怎么装修
如果对于房屋不太了解的人来说,买房的时候很少会考虑腰线层的问题,只会注意楼层是否适合,那么不小心就会买到腰线层的房子,腰线房装修的时候需要先了解清楚房子的优缺点才能针对装修。
腰线房优缺点
腰线房的特点还是比较明显的,好的地方在于可以保温隔热,腰线房是有一块地方凸出来的,在一定程度上隔离了夏天的热空气与冬天的冷空气,这就相当于有了一层保温层。缺点主要在于采光不理想,而且房子容易出现渗水的情况。
优点
1、保温
腰线层能够起到保温的作用,因为这一层选择的是隔热保温的材料,就相当于增加了一层保温层,冬天的时候就能够起到保温的效果,开启暖气设备、空调之后,温度都比较高,能够达到节能环保的作用。
2、增加使用面积
因为有一部分是向外凸出来的,将室内的空间得到延伸,这样使用面积就会比较大。
缺点
1、影响采光
因为这一楼层当中有了腰线的存在,这个腰线在房屋的外层当中,主要是起到装饰的效果。但是就会占用窗户的面积,楼层比较低,采光本身就不是特别理想。再加上设置这半堵墙,采光性能就会大受影响,我们在装修的时候,如果阳台没有承重墙,可以征得物业同意敲掉阳台,改成落地窗,如果物业不同意改装只能在光线不足的地方添加光源。
2、存在安全隐患
因为向外突出了一个比较宽的平台,楼层本身就比较低,很可能孩子不知道就会在上面行走,会增加危险,或者给小偷提供入市的方便,针对这块,我们可以加装防盗窗,这样会比较安全。
3、渗水问题。
腰线层一般平台比较宽,如果防水没有做到位,容易发生通过窗户往墙里面渗水的问题。
装修方法
在装修前需要测量一下腰线的深度(测量外墙到腰线外侧的距离)。如果深度不足10cm,便可以不用管它,这种腰线基本上不会造成影响。如果腰线深度超过了10cm,可以在装修时做以下几件事。
准备防水材料
准备装修的时候,需要提前备好防水卷材、防水涂料等材料,便于后面装修的时候不用手忙脚乱。
防水卷材
防水卷材是一种可卷曲的片状防水材料。
购买防水卷材要求:有良好的耐水性,对温度变化的稳定性(高温下不流淌、不起泡;低温下不脆裂),有一定的机械强度、延伸性和抗断裂性,要有一定的柔韧性和抗老化性等。
防水涂料
防水涂料是指涂料形成的涂膜能够防止雨水或地下水渗漏的一种涂料。
市场上在售的防水涂料名称各式各样,选购防水涂料要考虑涂料的性质,涂料上一般都会标注是通用型、柔韧型。
做好防水
窗户做好防水
窗户周围、腰线顶部刷上防水材料,能防止连通到窗户下面渗水,同时窗户做好密封和排水措施。
窗户密封的时候,要把窗户周围的水泥刮干净,再在窗户的外延打上玻璃胶,进行防水的二次加固,这样防水性最好。
墙面防水
腰线层的那面墙装修的时候,不要急着刮腻子,需要先将基层处理平整,事先在墙面上粉刷防水材料增加防水层,然后在防水层的基础上再刮腻子,最后铺贴墙纸或者是刷乳胶漆
1、处理基层,先要将外墙一侧的涂料层铲除,只能露出水泥层。对准备好的材料进行搅拌,水泥砂浆进行找平。防水涂料的涂刷与地面基层状况有很大关系,基层越不平整,使用的涂料就越多。因此,在涂刷防水涂料之前,最好将基层进行简单处理,尽量将基层处理平整。
2、为提高防水卷材与基层粘结性,可用底层涂料反复涂刷,涂刷均匀覆盖完全,充分渗入混凝土基层,以提高粘结强度和抗剪切强度,这一层叫做防水保护层。
3、防水保护层干燥后,把墙体表面污渍、泥土清理干净,然后刷上两层的防水材料,厚度应该要控制在3到4毫米,一定要刷涂均匀,才不会出现漏刷或者脱落现象。
防水卷材施工要点:
1、防水卷材铺贴应采用满铺法,胶粘剂涂刷在基层面上应均匀,不露底,不堆积;胶粘剂涂刷后应随即铺贴卷材,防止时间过长影响粘结质量。
2、铺贴防水卷材不得起皱折,不得用力拉伸卷材,边铺贴边排除卷材下面的空气和多余的胶粘剂,保证卷材与基层面以及各层卷材之间粘结密实。
3、铺贴防水卷材的搭接宽度不得小于100mm。
4、上下两层和相邻两幅卷材接缝应错开三分之一幅度。
防水涂料施工要点
1、应在5℃以上的温度条件下施工,预计24h内降水不宜施工。
2、涂刷应横竖交叉进行,间隔时间为4h。
3、涂层如有特殊要求,可考虑增加面层涂刷遍数。
4、施工时,空气湿度特别大,气温低,干燥时间应适当延长。
5、如施工工地温度较高,拌料时可适当增加水量,以降低施工粘度。
墙面粉刷
墙面防水做好后就要开始粉刷墙面,可以选用乳胶漆这种材料。
乳胶漆优点
1、涂抹干燥快:乳胶漆施涂后,随着水分的蒸发,干燥成膜。再合适的气候条件下,乳胶漆干燥比较快,一般4h左右可重涂,一天可以施涂二至三道。
2、透气性好:乳胶漆是通过水分蒸发,乳胶粒子变形融合成膜,因此具有很好的透气性。
3、耐水性好:乳胶漆是单组份水性涂料,施工时可用水稀释,但其干燥后成膜后,涂膜不溶于水,具有很好的耐水性。
施工流程
1、清洁墙面
只有墙面清洁进行的彻底,后续的工作才能更加顺利的进行。墙面除了要保持平整无灰、不起砂之外,还应该保证干燥。
2、刮腻子并磨平
刮腻子的主要目的是为了填补墙面上的不平整之处,从而使墙面变得更加光滑。刮腻子一般要进行两次。只有在这一步充分达到标准,刷漆过程才能进行的更加顺利,装修的质量也会大大提高,此项需要根据墙面的平整度来确定遍数,通常批刮两遍打磨平整即可。
3、首次涂刷涂料
涂料一般也是要涂刷两次,每一次都刷涂料都要保证平整均匀,而且涂刷的速度要尽量快,不要拖泥带水,以免还没有刷平油漆已经干了,这样就会导致墙面不平,影响美观。
4、打磨光滑
油漆刷好之后,为了能够让墙面看起来更加平整光滑,还需要进行必要的打磨,从而消除墙面上出现的细小缺陷。
5、再次涂刷涂料
第二次进行涂刷涂料,也就证明装修油漆施工工艺已经接近尾声了,这次的涂刷要比之前更加仔细认真,尤其是阴角处,对于使用手刷这种方式来说,更要拿捏好力度。
利用窗台
腰线层外面窗台向外延伸一定面积,我们可以将其利用起来,比如装修成功能房或者放花草植物点缀起来,或者把窗台直接改造成落地窗,但是进行这种结构改造需要考虑承重墙的问题,如果阳台没有承重墙才可以敲掉,而且这项改造还需要征求物业的同意,改装的时候提前检查腰围是否开裂,以免后期容易漏水。
腰线层一大突出特点为阳台,合理改善可利用好优点弱化缺点,如可改落地窗,可以安装塑钢窗可防尘、保暖,防腰线积灰尘土;也可以改造成封闭式阳台、书房、洗衣房、榻榻米休息区等。
一般情况下,尽量不要随意改变腰围腰线,以免破坏建筑外部的防水结构墙,如果改造不好,反而会产生潜在风险,比如墙体开裂、漏水等情况。
1、封闭阳台的时候可以使用玻璃这种透光材料,这样不会影响光线,然后把突出的阳台装修成洗衣房,之前经过了良好的防水处理,打造成洗衣房是很适合的。
2、可以摆放绿植,装修成茶室,在闲暇时刻跟家人或者朋友坐在阳台喝茶谈天,也很不错。
装修流程
房屋设计
装修房子需要从设计开始。首先要让设计师对家里的整个居室有个详细了解,并将自身的想法和意见和他们沟通清楚,这样才能拥有一个良好的设计方案,我们也可以提前选好设计风格,让设计进行设计。另外在设计图出来后,也需进行一次核对,将不满意的地方提出整理与修改。
家装风格分类
1、欧式风格
欧式风格主要有法式、意大利、西班牙、北欧、英式、地中海等风格,这是随着历史文化潮流而形成的强烈、独特的风格,这指的的是欧洲每个国家所展现的强烈的传统文化内涵。
2、田园乡村风格
田园乡村风格是一种推崇自然的地方装饰风格。结合了自然将乡土风味形成了一种清新的空间形式,是慵懒放松的家居体现。材质上采用天然石、木、竹、藤等材质,布艺多采用花卉图案为主,整体色彩以乳白色、白色、粉色、天然木色等以淡暖色系为主,线条也比较简洁。
3、中式风格
中式风格以中国古典建筑为装饰的室内设计艺术风格,给人一种壮丽华贵、气势恢弘之感,装饰主要以木材为原料,多用对称手法。图案有龙、凤、龟、狮等吉兽。中式风格造价大多比较高,精雕细琢、瑰丽奇巧的风格深受成功人士的喜爱。
4、现代简约风格
现代简约风格造价相对低一些,同时家装风格顺应了当今快节奏的生活,简约而不简单的个性风。虽摆设较少,但对材质要求极高,每件家具摆放位置都经过深思熟虑,做到多功能的利用空间。
主体拆改
从这一步开始,装修就进入到施工阶段。主体拆改就是按照设计方案,先把工地的框架搭起来。主要包括拆墙、砌墙、铲墙皮、更换门窗等等。
装修流程
1、在进行主体拆改之前首选要做的就是准备好图纸,一定要按照图纸规划进行改造工程,没有图纸的话就等于是没有做好规划拆改工作,在这种情况下不适合进行拆改工程,因此拆改图纸是必不可少的一部分。
2、在主体拆改的过程中原材料的去留也是一个大问题,这在拆改前期就需要最好必须的准备,例如原来的腻子如果是防水的就可以不用铲除了,其他可以直接使用的材料也可以保留下来,这样可以有效回收利用并且可以节省开支。
3、在进行墙体拆改的时候要注意,应该严格按照图纸指示进行拆墙、砌墙工作。
4、铲地皮,有暖气的拆掉暖气,换塑钢窗。
5、在拆改结束后会留下大量垃圾,这时需要施工队员清理垃圾以便进行下一步操作。
注意事项
1、在主体拆改的过程中首先要注意的是,承重墙不可拆除,根据我国相关法律条文规定,拆改承重墙是不合法的,承重墙是作为承受上一层楼层重量的主体部分,盲目拆除的话,可能会给房屋带来濒临倒塌的危险。
2、在混凝土中的门框不要盲目拆除,如果强制拆除的话可能会导致墙体倒塌的情况出现。
3、阳台上有矮墙的话不要拆除,否则可能会导致塌陷,如果影响美观,可以另行设计安排。
4、在拆除的过程中应该要注意的是,线路应该提前关闭好,对于隐藏在墙体中的线路要多加留意,提前关闭电闸是非常有必要的,避免不小心触碰导致触电危险。
5、居室中有些地面都是有防水层的,若是将防水层破坏的话,很容易使楼下的住户变成“水帘洞”。因此,业主在装修地面的时候需要注意的是,不要将地面防水层破坏,若是不小心破坏了的话,切记一定要重新做防水工程,并且做完后要经过“48小时渗水实验”后,如果不漏水,才算合格。
6、还有燃气管道的拆改也是要慎重的,若是居民或装修人员私自拆改燃气管道、包封燃气阀门很容易造成燃气泄漏。因为,燃气管道被包封起来,气体泄漏将很难会被发现,并且气体一旦泄露的话很不容易扩散。并且在使用的时候,也没有专业的安全监测,一旦遇见明火的话必然会引起爆炸的情况发生。
水电气改造
水电改造是装修中重要的工程部分,很多生活中房子会出现的问题都是水电工程不达标留下的隐患。所以对于这部分的施工一定要慎之又慎,避免后期出现不必要的麻烦。另外在操作完成后,也要做好防水的相关工作,这样后期的隐患也会减轻不少。
可以根据设计师的水电施工图纸进行水电改造。
水电改造方法
1、把关在装修的时候业主要对自己家里的布局有个全局的想法,要弄清楚家里的家具大概放什么地方,哪里放什么电器,多大的都要考虑好,这样有规划的做水电改造是很关键的,要不然会浪费很多人力物力,在设计的时候装修公司会为你出很多方案。
2、买材料的时候要看是不是正规的厂家生产的合格产品,现在的水电品牌多如牛毛,业主在装修的时候不知道什么牌子,什么规格的比较好,最好是对这方面的知识有些了解,要不然让装修公司去买的话以次充好,那就得不偿失了。
3、在进场的时候要对装修材料进行核实,看看是不是质量合格的材料,要不然装修好了就不好核实了,还有就是要对工作人员核实,看看他们是否具有水电暖施工资质,确认后才能让他们施工。
4、水电改造施工好后,要对施工的每一处细节要仔细的验收,水路验收的时候看水改是不是用金属管卡固定的,距离不能过大,浴室的出水口是不是左热右冷,距离是否达标,接口是不是水平。水电路线不能在同一槽内,每个下水口都要进行通水试验。必须要进行打压试验,时间压力要标准。
水电改造要点
1、首先要确定洗澡是要站着洗还是躺着洗,用浴盆还是淋浴,尺寸要多大,卫生间能不能容得下这个尺寸,这些问题都是要影响水路的上下水设计和电路的插座位置的。
2、若是选择安装淋浴是安装淋浴房还是装浴帘,是否要安装底座,附近是否有地漏,出水口大概在什么位置。
3、淋浴的出水口常规设计是左热右冷,两管之间的间距要保持15cm。因为目前市面上售卖的支架式淋浴龙头比较多,这样的淋浴龙头对于出水口的间距及尺寸要求比较严格。首先要保证两个出水口的水平高度一致,还要保证两个出水口在同一水平面上。还要特别注意一点就是出水口不能设置在腰线的位置,高度也要根据家庭成员的平均身高来确定。
4、二手房厨卫改造可能还涉及到地漏的移动和增加个数的问题。移动地漏需要注意一定要抬高地面,若是要安装深水封地漏,那么地面至少上抬10cm以上,可以采用局部地面抬高或是整体地面抬高的方式。在更换地漏时要注意一点,普通地漏不能作为洗衣机地漏,会出现返水现象。
5、坐便器移位也是卫生间拆改会遇到的问题,但切记坐便器移动的距离不能超过10cm,否则坐便器会下水不畅,容易堵。若是一定要移动坐便器的位置,那么就要从楼下改管移动马桶下水。
6、浴霸用风暖的还是灯暖的涉及到电路改造,因为灯暖的浴霸一般是要连5根电线,而风暖的浴霸的电线数一般是3-8根,具体看你选择什么样的型号了。
厨房水电
厨房要预留净水机的电源、进水口、排污管道,电源一般留在进水口旁边。厨房要使用燃气热水器的,要预留燃气热水器的进、出水管,一般选择靠窗户的位置,离地1.5米高,旁边预留插座。
燃气表旁边预留插座,电子燃气表需要电源;厨房操作台上方要装一排插座,供电饭煲、小家电使用,一般预留3-5个插座,高度1.2米;冰箱要在离地面0.5米到1米之间设置插座,因为冰箱在使用中等30厘米的位置是释放热量的空间,所以安装时要避免这些位置。
阳台水电
阳台水电比较简单,阳台洗衣机预留冷水管,阳台洗手盆预留冷热水管。洗衣机电源预留高度在40公分。顶部预留智能晾衣架电源。
卫生间水电
卫生间改造的时候需要注意的比较多。
水路:洗脸盆的冷热水口2个、留热水器的进水口和出水口各1个、坐便器或蹲厕水箱接口1个、淋浴区地漏1个,如果洗衣机放卫生间,也要给洗衣机预留地漏1个。冷热水管也要保持一定的距离,否则会影响水管的保温效果,洗澡时需要等很久才有热水。一般水管铺设时,左热右冷,间距是15厘米。
水管管道走完后要进行试水打压试验,再做防水处理。地漏安装完后马上冲水,因为担心安装过程中有水泥掉在下水管道中,时间长了受潮凝固,导致下水道不通。在卫生间墙面安装其它卫浴产品五金等,切记安装前要查阅水路电路存档照片,避开墙上的水管和电路。
电路:就算安装的是普通马桶,也要在旁边预留插座,方便业主以后安装智能马桶。预留热水器的进、出水管及电源,燃气和电的随便选择,都预留好。浴室柜旁边预留插座、浴室柜上面1.8米高预留电源,镜前灯使用。注意:卫生间要使用4mm2的铜芯线。水管尽量走顶,这样既方便做防水也方便以后检修。
客厅卧室水电
客厅卧室主要是要处理电路,要留意这些:客厅灯卧室灯要改成双控;客厅预留灯带、筒灯的开关及电源,开关一般放在电视墙。电视墙电源一般留4-5个,高度在35公分,预留弱电,电视墙预留50管,挂电视时隐藏电线。在沙发的左右两边预留电源,以备手机充电,高度在40公分左右。卧室床头柜的插座抬高到60公分,方便插拔。书桌下预留多排插座。一般客厅空调一组回路,卧室空调每2台一组回路。如果业主家安装了新风或电热地暖,也要为它们准备专用回路。
室内整体装修
室内整体装修包括木工、泥瓦工、油漆工的装修。
木工作为一道繁杂的工序,也可当作是主体修改的关键环节来对待,与水电路的改良并不冲突,有时可能还需要一些配合。木工是为业主完成房屋装修过程中的各项木质工程的工种,其人工费用占到整个家装工程人工费用的40-60%不等。目前市场上比较常规的木工定制产品有:成品套装门、定制衣柜、定制书柜、定制橱柜、定制移门等。
泥瓦工序就是大家关心的贴瓷砖这一步骤,以及墙面、地面的基层处理和各区域防水工程。这项面子工程是否有好的施工质量不但直接影响到整体装修的外观是否整洁美观,而且防水质量直接关系到业主入住后的居住质量。
油漆工程一般是硬装即将结束的标志了,包含墙体表面处理、批腻子、砂纸打磨、刷底涂、刷涂料等步骤。油漆工程是面子工程,如果油漆工艺做的不好的话,就会留下入住后的困扰,如墙面开裂、掉漆等。所以一定要去注意施工工艺以及工艺原则,不遵守这些步骤的话就会影响家装质量了。
具体步骤
水电工完成之后,一般是先做木工,对其家里的石膏板等吊顶,电视背景墙以及家里需要打柜子的制作。
客厅吊顶
安装客厅天花板之前,必须绘制天花板的尺寸,然后设置好天花板上的位置,用冲击钻钻洞,最后用固定的膨胀螺丝的大龙骨(木质骨架称为龙骨)。然后,将地板上的骨架固定到天花板上,使用方形条作为固定柱,水平和水平固定骨架,并根据图纸的大小切割多余的骨架,下一步是固定石膏板。建议使用十字架将石膏板固定在天花板上并用螺丝固定。有必要去除剩余的石膏板。这个屋顶差不多完了。
住宅客厅吊顶的石膏板固定后,可以进行装饰。例如,在干墙的凹槽中施加纱布以避免收缩和开裂。将装饰线固定在天花板的边缘,最后放上腻子粉或其他装饰材料。漂亮的天花板就做好了。
电视背景墙
制作电视背景墙需要选择合适的材质,不同的材质所营造的效果不同,然后根据既定的材质,考虑背景墙是侧重实用还是侧重装饰。
可以采用大理石雕刻出的角线做造型,然后中间贴瓷砖用瓷砖贴出造型花样。这种造型一般都是与客厅的地砖造型相呼应的。客厅使用大理石来装饰能瞬间提前档次和品质,而且时尚的质感能体现出来,大理石面的不规则花纹,原生态的自然效果也是让人喜欢的另一面。
还有一种做法就是用文化石做背景墙,人造文化石一般具有环保节能,质量轻的优点。其古朴,极具造型感,被年轻人所青睐。由于是用作电视墙,瓷砖尽量选用柔光砖,表面光反射没有亮光砖强烈,看电视时开灯也不会有光反射。铺贴方式也同普通砖一样简单,价格也是地砖价格经济实惠。
定制家具
如果室内面积比较小,可以考虑选择定制家具。
目前,市场上已经出现一大批的定制家具企业。这些企业在大规模生产的基础上,将每位消费者视为一个单独的细分市场,满足单个消费者的个性需求。目前,多采用定制形式的家具主要有整体衣柜、整体书柜、整体橱柜、步入式衣帽间、入墙衣柜等。
定制家具的流程
1、一般情况下设计师会跟业主提前沟通一下,了解一下业主的想法以及生活方式。
2、带业主参观样品展厅,考察产品工艺和生产制作流程,交流家居配置风格需求,根据会谈详细记录分析,与业主约定初步配套方案面谈时间。
3、完成上面两步之后要做的是上门初步测量工作,确定好家居的尺寸以及摆放的位置,之后要做的就是进行多全方位的准确测量工作,精准测算出家居的尺寸以及占地面积和摆放布局等情况。
4、设计师会根据现场测量的实际结果绘制出基本的家具设计图,然后跟业主沟通之后就可以初步确定设计方案了。
5、面谈进行方案磋商,并进行调整终达到业主满意。
6、在家具的生产制作过程中应该随时与业主保持沟通,所采用的材料以及颜色要及时告知业主,有异议的话应该及时沟通调整。
客厅定制家具:可以根据需求定制电视柜和储物柜。
卧室定制家具:定制衣柜、床头柜
房间的整体定制:定制飘窗、榻榻米、书柜。
阳台定制家具:洗衣柜、储物柜。
厨房定制家具橱柜。
贴瓷砖
在我们木工完成之后,就可以进泥瓦工了,泥瓦工主要包含的就是大理石窗台,过门石,地漏以及瓷砖等安装。
贴瓷砖需要先准备好工具:瓷砖、拉线、水、混浆、泥砂。
1、对铺贴的墙体表面进行处理,清除表面污物。并洒水湿润,然后用水泥砂浆混合找平。
2、将墙砖完全置于清水中,一般三十分钟就可以了,随后取出,晾干水渍待用。
3、根据设计铺贴图样的要求,确定排砖方案。在干爽的找平层上拉上标线,让瓷砖在一个垂直面上。
4、铺贴釉面墙砖选择水泥型号425,砂子以中砂为好。水泥和砂子按1:3的比例加水搅拌成糊状备用。
5、在墙面上喷足够的水,在砖背面均匀抹上水泥砂浆。砂浆厚度以5mm-6mm为宜,用木锤轻轻拍牢,并随时用水平尺找平。
6、在瓷砖铺贴完成后,使用专用的瓷砖勾缝剂进行勾缝就可以了。
刷墙面漆
油漆工进场,主要是对墙面的一些基层处理及乳胶漆的涂刷等,还有就是一些需要上油漆的家具进行上漆。那大家要注意的是,墙面如果要贴壁纸的话,一定要叫油漆工在墙面上做基层处理。
墙面刷漆都要针对墙面做基层处理,让墙面尽量保持平整。然后再均匀的刮一遍腻子,在腻子干透后,用粗砂纸进行抛光。最后就可以抹涂料了,可以抹两层涂料,尽量均匀不得漏涂!
到这一步油漆工完成之后,整个装修的硬装基本上就完成了。以上都是一些装修的施工环节,而施工环节之后,我们还要进行一些安装环节。
厨卫吊顶
厨卫吊顶是所有安装环节的第一个环节。在我们安装橱柜的时候,我们一定要将其防潮吸顶灯、排风扇(浴霸)应该已经买好了。这样可以一起安装完成。
橱柜安装
厨卫间的吊顶结束后,我们就可以约橱柜的商家上门安装橱柜了。一般安装橱柜最快就一天时间就完成了。
在我们安装橱柜的时候,我们也可以将已买的水槽,灶台等送货上门安装了,然后一起进行安装。在这里大王就强调一点,燃气一定要提前开通好,因为安装完之后要进行试气的。
装修木门
橱柜安装完之后,下一步就要进行室内门安装了,注意一点的是,室内门要是定制的话,那一定要提前一个月定制,一般安装时间就一天时间。
开关插座灯具
壁纸贴完之后,我们就要进行开关,插座以及灯具的安装,那在此之前,我们一定要根据水电工给到的开关,插座、灯具数量进行提前购买好。
五金安装
五金安装部分,这里主要指的是一些水龙头,卫浴挂件以及洁具、阳台的晾衣架等等安装。在这里提醒大家,五金一定要购买好的,不然后期很容易坏掉,一旦坏了,后期更换非常的麻烦然而我们安装完上下水管件。水龙头,角阀等一定要进行开关测试,看看是否有漏水的问题。
开荒保洁
装修到上一步就全部完成了,接下来我们就要对其全屋彻底的清洁打扫了。
新房的开荒保洁是一项大工程,但如果选择好相应的工具就能够事半功倍。在开荒保洁的时候经常会利用到以下这些工具:例如大型吸尘吸水机,例如多功能擦地机,例如玻璃套装工具,例如加长杆等,还有梯子,水桶,还有铲刀等。
准备好相应的保洁工具,这样才能够更好的进行保洁工作。
除了要准备好相应的工具之外,也应该准备好相应的药剂。准备的药剂一般用以下这些:例如全能清洗剂,例如玻璃清洗剂,例如瓷砖清洗剂,例如陶瓷美缝剂,例如去胶剂,例如除渍剂,例如酸性清洁剂,例如洁厕灵,例如不锈钢清洗剂,例如不锈钢光亮剂,例如家私蜡等。
开荒保洁的时候,开荒保洁的顺序也很重要。
首先应该清理现场留下的装修垃圾,之后由上到下全面除尘。
在清洗玻璃的时候,应该先用毛巾把玻璃框架擦拭干净,之后再用玻璃水溶液,从上到下涂抹玻璃,这样可以将顽固的污渍清除。
房子打扫感觉后我们需要把窗户打开,让室内空气流动,这样可以让空气中的有害物质挥发出去。比如甲醛,也可以购买绿萝,放在室内吸收甲醛。
窗户装修
我们买回来的房子一般是钢化玻璃,所以轻易不要换窗户玻璃,除非是有特殊要求的,那么才需要改装窗户,改装也需要选择大品牌,这样质量才会比较好。
如果房内的采光特别不好,必须改造窗户,那么我们可以改造成断桥铝窗,这种窗户比较结实。
在安装窗户的时候有两点非常重要,大家可以参考一下:
1、窗框铆定过程中,切忌在隔热条上固定,隔热条的强度有限,无法经受常年风压、自重等内外部作用力影响,而且隔热条一旦被打穿,窗户就不是断桥窗了,金属固定件连接了冷热桥,窗户的隔热性能因此丧失;
2、安装师傅一定要做好安全措施,消费者要和商家做好安全责任划分,窗户安装涉及高空作业,特种作业一旦发生相关安全生产事故,业主也会有法律风险。
窗户的装修完成后,我们还需要加装防盗窗和安装窗帘,防盗窗可以选用铝合金的,这样质量比较好,剩下的就是装修窗帘了,我们可以把买好的窗帘直接拿出来安装。
家具、家电进场
完成基础装修后就开始安装家具家电了,可以把购买的沙发、床铺、冰箱、电视机等家具家电安装摆放在合适的地方。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果对于房屋不太了解的人来说,买房的时候很少会考虑腰线层的问题,只会注意楼层是否适合,那么不小心就会买到腰线层的房子,腰线房装修的时候需要先了解清楚房子的优缺点才能针对装修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoaudmaSuo4KC0xUZWOcbi7NnWe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线房优缺点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Se8id66qIoiCUUxwFu8cxoFKnOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线房的特点还是比较明显的,好的地方在于可以保温隔热,腰线房是有一块地方凸出来的,在一定程度上隔离了夏天的热空气与冬天的冷空气,这就相当于有了一层保温层。缺点主要在于采光不理想,而且房子容易出现渗水的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HYWcdkasWo64MOxGKGdcpn2VnZg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"优点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UEAydYqMKoOOK8xySEHcVECbnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、保温","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6S8dAYYeoQAIMxEzhhcoyoAnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线层能够起到保温的作用,因为这一层选择的是隔热保温的材料,就相当于增加了一层保温层,冬天的时候就能够起到保温的效果,开启暖气设备、空调之后,温度都比较高,能够达到节能环保的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OYmOdk66MoQSycxEtmFcfrALnxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、增加使用面积","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EsQ2dQEusowwYOxyY3wc1lJxnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为有一部分是向外凸出来的,将室内的空间得到延伸,这样使用面积就会比较大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X22ydwMwGokcOox6xNOcm0kcnke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缺点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bqmyd4ii4omwOCx4f0Ac6qglnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、影响采光","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OCisdG2WAoQgIyxwnTecqaB8nke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为这一楼层当中有了腰线的存在,这个腰线在房屋的外层当中,主要是起到装饰的效果。但是就会占用窗户的面积,楼层比较低,采光本身就不是特别理想。再加上设置这半堵墙,采光性能就会大受影响,我们在装修的时候,如果阳台没有承重墙,可以征得物业同意敲掉阳台,改成落地窗,如果物业不同意改装只能在光线不足的地方添加光源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OyEYdUSciosEKexWyn8cPzoYnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、存在安全隐患","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kg6SdyY0Moogg6x7QTocCpJqncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为向外突出了一个比较宽的平台,楼层本身就比较低,很可能孩子不知道就会在上面行走,会增加危险,或者给小偷提供入市的方便,针对这块,我们可以加装防盗窗,这样会比较安全。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BuoKdI2EWocaCmxYLyvcitLHngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渗水问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcwYd2EMMomiOSxUhw8cyItmnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"腰线层一般平台比较宽,如果防水没有做到位,容易发生通过窗户往墙里面渗水的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HAIodekCWoY2gcxWTZOcgNV0n1k"},,"attrs":{"height":414,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"缺点","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fecb78e5382940cab3a5b76dcd3a13c6","width":1071},"text":"","id":"TAwudSkuIoiYC2xqW9vcGgZTnNb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A4MQdOwcWooU0Yx2LDlcH3VLnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在装修前需要测量一下腰线的深度(测量外墙到腰线外侧的距离)。如果深度不足10cm,便可以不用管它,这种腰线基本上不会造成影响。如果腰线深度超过了10cm,可以在装修时做以下几件事。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMeAd68WOosAKcx6nqucE0Lfnud"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备防水材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEwgdqWKIoKCusxcx3Zc5ENynwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备装修的时候,需要提前备好防水卷材、防水涂料等材料,便于后面装修的时候不用手忙脚乱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ICQcdgUcuoESuYxSaV1caOY9njh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水卷材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JS4Qd6U8eo8ykGx6hbkcNgh2nxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水卷材是一种可卷曲的片状防水材料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DGeCdMU4goiUWaxuA8kcm6kEnAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买防水卷材要求:有良好的耐水性,对温度变化的稳定性(高温下不流淌、不起泡;低温下不脆裂),有一定的机械强度、延伸性和抗断裂性,要有一定的柔韧性和抗老化性等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4OAdCKwSoyiIsxWfRbc24vZnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EC68dkC6Yo8AAqxK03pcL7ApnKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂料是指涂料形成的涂膜能够防止雨水或地下水渗漏的一种涂料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WmYcdak0YoqEakxi6LScKLXTnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"市场上在售的防水涂料名称各式各样,选购防水涂料要考虑涂料的性质,涂料上一般都会标注是通用型、柔韧型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fc0idwOKYoC4eyxmwqgcqXFTnSd"},,"attrs":{"height":369,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"防水涂料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb4e7b11ece84235972b0cb58960ee85","width":725},"text":"","id":"XQQ8dCYAKowGyQxinkicEgnDnjb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好防水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoqEd8uCyos80Ex4E56cEAD0nDc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户做好防水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZAC4d2GSwog6ecxOQzdcw7ubnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户周围、腰线顶部刷上防水材料,能防止连通到窗户下面渗水,同时窗户做好密封和排水措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWIedEugGoYEmOxaUugcXW7enRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户密封的时候,要把窗户周围的水泥刮干净,再在窗户的外延打上玻璃胶,进行防水的二次加固,这样防水性最好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dm2QdYAeUoKs2qxq0E1cVDgInt5"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"leve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,"id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ed4dac2e6dd4bf79695dcd893f9c5f1","width":960},"text":"","id":"Vqo6dcSicocI4UxaodNcKqOVnWb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8gsdeOGKoUkc4xAHIScmtGqnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在进行主体拆改之前首选要做的就是准备好图纸,一定要按照图纸规划进行改造工程,没有图纸的话就等于是没有做好规划拆改工作,在这种情况下不适合进行拆改工程,因此拆改图纸是必不可少的一部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QswydOAIyoogWCxKCvEc4SMenJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在主体拆改的过程中原材料的去留也是一个大问题,这在拆改前期就需要最好必须的准备,例如原来的腻子如果是防水的就可以不用铲除了,其他可以直接使用的材料也可以保留下来,这样可以有效回收利用并且可以节省开支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8CydGaaMoKSMWxELrEcVmpLnye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在进行墙体拆改的时候要注意,应该严格按照图纸指示进行拆墙、砌墙工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rsccd6oQeok8IExUTZWcxvtsnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、铲地皮,有暖气的拆掉暖气,换塑钢窗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jo2gdWcuyoQgS4xwVYscbrMrnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在拆改结束后会留下大量垃圾,这时需要施工队员清理垃圾以便进行下一步操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D4CAdmGu2oCgqoxQFRTcTNcDncg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T0audGsWCo26UQxqOS5cVBcGn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在主体拆改的过程中首先要注意的是,承重墙不可拆除,根据我国相关法律条文规定,拆改承重墙是不合法的,承重墙是作为承受上一层楼层重量的主体部分,盲目拆除的话,可能会给房屋带来濒临倒塌的危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWqSduo84oMKwQxCYEwcndh1nHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在混凝土中的门框不要盲目拆除,如果强制拆除的话可能会导致墙体倒塌的情况出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaEudCSesogawWxGUz3c3Kt7nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、阳台上有矮墙的话不要拆除,否则可能会导致塌陷,如果影响美观,可以另行设计安排。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQU8d4KuUo68uaxySkZcB6zQnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在拆除的过程中应该要注意的是,线路应该提前关闭好,对于隐藏在墙体中的线路要多加留意,提前关闭电闸是非常有必要的,避免不小心触碰导致触电危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LkQ6d2w0ioUseUxG4SRc7Sdin8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、居室中有些地面都是有防水层的,若是将防水层破坏的话,很容易使楼下的住户变成“水帘洞”。因此,业主在装修地面的时候需要注意的是,不要将地面防水层破坏,若是不小心破坏了的话,切记一定要重新做防水工程,并且做完后要经过“48小时渗水实验”后,如果不漏水,才算合格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ciy8duKcuoO4Eux2JYgc4Ah6nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、还有燃气管道的拆改也是要慎重的,若是居民或装修人员私自拆改燃气管道、包封燃气阀门很容易造成燃气泄漏。因为,燃气管道被包封起来,气体泄漏将很难会被发现,并且气体一旦泄露的话很不容易扩散。并且在使用的时候,也没有专业的安全监测,一旦遇见明火的话必然会引起爆炸的情况发生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GWaido22SokiIyxkHxvcfzcSnBV"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电气改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCCEdGssgoQ80wxqI1Xc1WEYnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造是装修中重要的工程部分,很多生活中房子会出现的问题都是水电工程不达标留下的隐患。所以对于这部分的施工一定要慎之又慎,避免后期出现不必要的麻烦。另外在操作完成后,也要做好防水的相关工作,这样后期的隐患也会减轻不少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SSMMduaCwoGCEUxslDRcs6N3n6X"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以根据设计师的水电施工图纸进行水电改造。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TEIodwe2eooa0SxWEzUcrd7Vngc"},,"attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"水电气改造","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df7960afaf8443d6ab5c90c196eadeb0","width":858},"text":"","id":"MauqdAggAoW2USxC87NcUhmBnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UYWmdwayyo0IEoxkTsgcyJPPnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、把关在装修的时候业主要对自己家里的布局有个全局的想法,要弄清楚家里的家具大概放什么地方,哪里放什么电器,多大的都要考虑好,这样有规划的做水电改造是很关键的,要不然会浪费很多人力物力,在设计的时候装修公司会为你出很多方案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TM6AdaemAouUscxA8OucyAN2nYy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、买材料的时候要看是不是正规的厂家生产的合格产品,现在的水电品牌多如牛毛,业主在装修的时候不知道什么牌子,什么规格的比较好,最好是对这方面的知识有些了解,要不然让装修公司去买的话以次充好,那就得不偿失了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TG44dGYKUocsCkxkKr2c7Hv9n1s"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在进场的时候要对装修材料进行核实,看看是不是质量合格的材料,要不然装修好了就不好核实了,还有就是要对工作人员核实,看看他们是否具有水电暖施工资质,确认后才能让他们施工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DAQMdCwyWog2aSx8J2LcfRJan4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、水电改造施工好后,要对施工的每一处细节要仔细的验收,水路验收的时候看水改是不是用金属管卡固定的,距离不能过大,浴室的出水口是不是左热右冷,距离是否达标,接口是不是水平。水电路线不能在同一槽内,每个下水口都要进行通水试验。必须要进行打压试验,时间压力要标准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UcKOd2YucoEUqCxceDec08hjnOl"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造要点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GukkdeC4kok0qixEj9Gc4WjFnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先要确定洗澡是要站着洗还是躺着洗,用浴盆还是淋浴,尺寸要多大,卫生间能不能容得下这个尺寸,这些问题都是要影响水路的上下水设计和电路的插座位置的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6mcdgmQAoOU2oxSSfTcmLx9nWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若是选择安装淋浴是安装淋浴房还是装浴帘,是否要安装底座,附近是否有地漏,出水口大概在什么位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MeQgdKSWso6KQmxUBkEc9qQznDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、淋浴的出水口常规设计是左热右冷,两管之间的间距要保持15cm。因为目前市面上售卖的支架式淋浴龙头比较多,这样的淋浴龙头对于出水口的间距及尺寸要求比较严格。首先要保证两个出水口的水平高度一致,还要保证两个出水口在同一水平面上。还要特别注意一点就是出水口不能设置在腰线的位置,高度也要根据家庭成员的平均身高来确定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gc8cdyAOeoueCWx6VHHc0Oj3nOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、二手房厨卫改造可能还涉及到地漏的移动和增加个数的问题。移动地漏需要注意一定要抬高地面,若是要安装深水封地漏,那么地面至少上抬10cm以上,可以采用局部地面抬高或是整体地面抬高的方式。在更换地漏时要注意一点,普通地漏不能作为洗衣机地漏,会出现返水现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8md6QG4o80YQxmE9qcRowYnFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、坐便器移位也是卫生间拆改会遇到的问题,但切记坐便器移动的距离不能超过10cm,否则坐便器会下水不畅,容易堵。若是一定要移动坐便器的位置,那么就要从楼下改管移动马桶下水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P22idsU4OoKWWsx0WxmceDVkn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、浴霸用风暖的还是灯暖的涉及到电路改造,因为灯暖的浴霸一般是要连5根电线,而风暖的浴霸的电线数一般是3-8根,具体看你选择什么样的型号了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIaQdGGOGoaUKqxYBBuckTyjnQd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V2kcdoCKGoCMugxqy2vcjcgrnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房要预留净水机的电源、进水口、排污管道,电源一般留在进水口旁边。厨房要使用燃气热水器的,要预留燃气热水器的进、出水管,一般选择靠窗户的位置,离地1.5米高,旁边预留插座。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iya4d8EEkoGwcGxWUV2cZWSvnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"燃气表旁边预留插座,电子燃气表需要电源;厨房操作台上方要装一排插座,供电饭煲、小家电使用,一般预留3-5个插座,高度1.2米;冰箱要在离地面0.5米到1米之间设置插座,因为冰箱在使用中等30厘米的位置是释放热量的空间,所以安装时要避免这些位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A6ikdSW6KomIa6xs5PJcrgUvnRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEWkdk48soiYASxcdvtcIuLJn4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台水电比较简单,阳台洗衣机预留冷水管,阳台洗手盆预留冷热水管。洗衣机电源预留高度在40公分。顶部预留智能晾衣架电源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FYOadcgUioUCwgxCmHlcxmnonPf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOemdQScyouYw2x6KLJc1iYFncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间改造的时候需要注意的比较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NEuyd0M8IoMoWQxE3YGc2ZeTnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"水路:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"洗脸盆的冷热水口2个、留热水器的进水口和出水口各1个、坐便器或蹲厕水箱接口1个、淋浴区地漏1个,如果洗衣机放卫生间,也要给洗衣机预留地漏1个。冷热水管也要保持一定的距离,否则会影响水管的保温效果,洗澡时需要等很久才有热水。一般水管铺设时,左热右冷,间距是15厘米。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyQCdE2kUoYoUuxC8h9crjC7nod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水管管道走完后要进行试水打压试验,再做防水处理。地漏安装完后马上冲水,因为担心安装过程中有水泥掉在下水管道中,时间长了受潮凝固,导致下水道不通。在卫生间墙面安装其它卫浴产品五金等,切记安装前要查阅水路电路存档照片,避开墙上的水管和电路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Twa4dKSGGoQCiSxEVqXcSjCYnke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"电路:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"就算安装的是普通马桶,也要在旁边预留插座,方便业主以后安装智能马桶。预留热水器的进、出水管及电源,燃气和电的随便选择,都预留好。浴室柜旁边预留插座、浴室柜上面1.8米高预留电源,镜前灯使用。注意:卫生间要使用4mm2的铜芯线。水管尽量走顶,这样既方便做防水也方便以后检修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QisudqGmUo2syixqYnCcgt8In6g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EwCwdEeSIoMkUexSGb0cPrarnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室主要是要处理电路,要留意这些:客厅灯卧室灯要改成双控;客厅预留灯带、筒灯的开关及电源,开关一般放在电视墙。电视墙电源一般留4-5个,高度在35公分,预留弱电,电视墙预留50管,挂电视时隐藏电线。在沙发的左右两边预留电源,以备手机充电,高度在40公分左右。卧室床头柜的插座抬高到60公分,方便插拔。书桌下预留多排插座。一般客厅空调一组回路,卧室空调每2台一组回路。如果业主家安装了新风或电热地暖,也要为它们准备专用回路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W4eCdG8OComauoxUj9Ic0B7qnPh"},,"attrs":{"height":589,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室水电","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5142b37cb1894bd0bd5499274202361a","width":939},"text":"","id":"WEsEdgMiWoWQMmxSAO6c2Hn2nrd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内整体装修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GkS8dqsSKoeAmaxsz4ucqRGQnlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内整体装修包括木工、泥瓦工、油漆工的装修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mm0CdoAIGoWyCcx25h4ccxM2nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木工作为一道繁杂的工序,也可当作是主体修改的关键环节来对待,与水电路的改良并不冲突,有时可能还需要一些配合。木工是为业主完成房屋装修过程中的各项木质工程的工种,其人工费用占到整个家装工程人工费用的40-60%不等。目前市场上比较常规的木工定制产品有:成品套装门、定制衣柜、定制书柜、定制橱柜、定制移门等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JceQdQISCoCse2xMVfgcdoU4nzE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泥瓦工序就是大家关心的贴瓷砖这一步骤,以及墙面、地面的基层处理和各区域防水工程。这项面子工程是否有好的施工质量不但直接影响到整体装修的外观是否整洁美观,而且防水质量直接关系到业主入住后的居住质量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uu4OdI8Ssoqy8SxOiqXceWdYnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程一般是硬装即将结束的标志了,包含墙体表面处理、批腻子、砂纸打磨、刷底涂、刷涂料等步骤。油漆工程是面子工程,如果油漆工艺做的不好的话,就会留下入住后的困扰,如墙面开裂、掉漆等。所以一定要去注意施工工艺以及工艺原则,不遵守这些步骤的话就会影响家装质量了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgMqd6sYCoMMW0xCOdWcIh5vn3c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUeYdgEY4ok6wWxItXLcMlF8n5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电工完成之后,一般是先做木工,对其家里的石膏板等吊顶,电视背景墙以及家里需要打柜子的制作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0eqdCe0ioMWCqxIv6GcLtGInBg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZqKQdskYmogAiAxYvEic3UA4nYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装客厅天花板之前,必须绘制天花板的尺寸,然后设置好天花板上的位置,用冲击钻钻洞,最后用固定的膨胀螺丝的大龙骨(木质骨架称为龙骨)。然后,将地板上的骨架固定到天花板上,使用方形条作为固定柱,水平和水平固定骨架,并根据图纸的大小切割多余的骨架,下一步是固定石膏板。建议使用十字架将石膏板固定在天花板上并用螺丝固定。有必要去除剩余的石膏板。这个屋顶差不多完了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUu2d8cYGo8I6qxiY7JcnIuLnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"住宅客厅吊顶的石膏板固定后,可以进行装饰。例如,在干墙的凹槽中施加纱布以避免收缩和开裂。将装饰线固定在天花板的边缘,最后放上腻子粉或其他装饰材料。漂亮的天花板就做好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqE2dQmA6ogQGmxuY8HcfJfbnMb"},,"attrs":{"height":439,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅吊顶","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0ad789a48a74a10a5a6f1e64cd45641","width":905},"text":"","id":"QI8OdE8WYoAGuUxCWHfcuTCnnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vu0CdSymooqQuaxYXkfcZ6QbnJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作电视背景墙需要选择合适的材质,不同的材质所营造的效果不同,然后根据既定的材质,考虑背景墙是侧重实用还是侧重装饰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiI2dQEWAocKcQxi9qBcYTOYnZi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以采用大理石雕刻出的角线做造型,然后中间贴瓷砖用瓷砖贴出造型花样。这种造型一般都是与客厅的地砖造型相呼应的。客厅使用大理石来装饰能瞬间提前档次和品质,而且时尚的质感能体现出来,大理石面的不规则花纹,原生态的自然效果也是让人喜欢的另一面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8Ked6k06oQsUSxWw5ocM69fnpf"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f8cf243631b84c1485637dc5b1242d6c","width":600},"text":"","id":"CggEdOIQ8ogs8KxGy1CczPeknhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有一种做法就是用文化石做背景墙,人造文化石一般具有环保节能,质量轻的优点。其古朴,极具造型感,被年轻人所青睐。由于是用作电视墙,瓷砖尽量选用柔光砖,表面光反射没有亮光砖强烈,看电视时开灯也不会有光反射。铺贴方式也同普通砖一样简单,价格也是地砖价格经济实惠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQOQdu4kOo4gM0x3QUEcdkUrnO6"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/38e649707a0647828379c8c071fe9329","width":600},"text":"","id":"GKcKdOWm8osMqyxElU2cyiHGnid"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8W6dYqYMo6Ky0xQjOycinDknff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果室内面积比较小,可以考虑选择定制家具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2S4ducgOomwayxWshXcTXjnnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,市场上已经出现一大批的定制家具企业。这些企业在大规模生产的基础上,将每位消费者视为一个单独的细分市场,满足单个消费者的个性需求。目前,多采用定制形式的家具主要有整体衣柜、整体书柜、整体橱柜、步入式衣帽间、入墙衣柜等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iegad4kU6oK2OSxyeu7cBhwinjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具的流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8esdsc4qo6IWmx8daicVzmZnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一般情况下设计师会跟业主提前沟通一下,了解一下业主的想法以及生活方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QaIQd0qK4oSoKQxktPvcHK8tnwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、带业主参观样品展厅,考察产品工艺和生产制作流程,交流家居配置风格需求,根据会谈详细记录分析,与业主约定初步配套方案面谈时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RAWadAi4gomA64xgDgXci4QWnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、完成上面两步之后要做的是上门初步测量工作,确定好家居的尺寸以及摆放的位置,之后要做的就是进行多全方位的准确测量工作,精准测算出家居的尺寸以及占地面积和摆放布局等情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKmCdoAkGocQwsxashzcCIEnnTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、设计师会根据现场测量的实际结果绘制出基本的家具设计图,然后跟业主沟通之后就可以初步确定设计方案了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L0YqdmkC8omic6xyo1qcbhfbnRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、面谈进行方案磋商,并进行调整终达到业主满意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XSCYdqgUwoeAe2x6JA8coTeCnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、在家具的生产制作过程中应该随时与业主保持沟通,所采用的材料以及颜色要及时告知业主,有异议的话应该及时沟通调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RMMkdGUs2oG6wsxeQeucFfjonEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅定制家具:可以根据需求定制电视柜和储物柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqqCdoCCeoq8cSxotCEczPlrn4c"},,"attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d280dd7348d342ce9908f5a939b642c0","width":603},"text":"","id":"YogMdEa0WoCAGwxAn89cYOiWn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卧室定制家具:定制衣柜、床头柜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QoYOdKai0oWAaAxKQr1cKqYkn5b"},,"attrs":{"height":534,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5431fd9bf0314244951e41a9a56d88b2","width":933},"text":"","id":"XO46d48mCoeGWyxEZyfcXq9CnbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房间的整体定制:定制飘窗、榻榻米、书柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qu4CdmMWGoGm2Wxc3nocKUgEnse"},,"attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bc60b63d11345ad90fa8d4526603406","width":720},"text":"","id":"XiYedSEkko0W2MxYXMjcV1F6nCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台定制家具:洗衣柜、储物柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kq6gdS6k6oaSogx4IhgccJV9nUe"},,"attrs":{"height":434,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f781094a2545eba465b013bfe610c3","width":665},"text":"","id":"XUSSdkc4OoSCgkxGSAjc0M1anxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房定制家具橱柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V0KWdaOA2oeUkYxYlDJcio7Gn7b"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/52fe1ffeafcc4b06af83f1d3782dca5a","width":826},"text":"","id":"VMoWdsMWkoQ0Q8xGUPPcAnjIn3e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KkMYdC0wAoCkYAxGGAZcKGV8noh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在我们木工完成之后,就可以进泥瓦工了,泥瓦工主要包含的就是大理石窗台,过门石,地漏以及瓷砖等安装。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8IKd8iMioC6IgxtqMRcN5vbnNr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖需要先准备好工具:瓷砖、拉线、水、混浆、泥砂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FKmqdIk2GocUg4xC4ZBcm0xgnPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对铺贴的墙体表面进行处理,清除表面污物。并洒水湿润,然后用水泥砂浆混合找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuMdeskgoQMcuxAnC9cCSlVn3c"},,"attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/003c94c4088d4d309b0a5e4822ae2f2c","width":406},"text":"","id":"RgiIdmKc0oKoQCxAZj9cKt10nuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、将墙砖完全置于清水中,一般三十分钟就可以了,随后取出,晾干水渍待用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xo8WdKaseoe2MixeQzwcWj5dnMb"},,"attrs":{"height":242,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59ce55bdbedf40e0b62104a0667d237c","width":438},"text":"","id":"ZkSudscWcoiAKsxEpSLc0RQlnZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、根据设计铺贴图样的要求,确定排砖方案。在干爽的找平层上拉上标线,让瓷砖在一个垂直面上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DKqSdiOgwoYS2WxkN9tcAxkwnPd"},,"attrs":{"height":271,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8dcfa65b62ec41ea8ccc7ed1cb17f7d6","width":514},"text":"","id":"OasAdSIc8oSWCIxKKvKcCZRUnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、铺贴釉面墙砖选择水泥型号425,砂子以中砂为好。水泥和砂子按1:3的比例加水搅拌成糊状备用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0ced48sCoWgeGxMvZVcOqmQnLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在墙面上喷足够的水,在砖背面均匀抹上水泥砂浆。砂浆厚度以5mm-6mm为宜,用木锤轻轻拍牢,并随时用水平尺找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JOs8d2GGOoGo8exuufAcxZIjnef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、在瓷砖铺贴完成后,使用专用的瓷砖勾缝剂进行勾缝就可以了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMcAdaAi2omksWxugyockmKKn5b"},,"attrs":{"height":529,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7541bcbcca734c18bc9074d2b6c3f923","width":817},"text":"","id":"Oi0adsOS2okiOcxSsCfc14Ocnqf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"刷墙面漆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8MydEuy4o0m20xo1atcpnvingc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工进场,主要是对墙面的一些基层处理及乳胶漆的涂刷等,还有就是一些需要上油漆的家具进行上漆。那大家要注意的是,墙面如果要贴壁纸的话,一定要叫油漆工在墙面上做基层处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaO6dS8Yso668axAHsicGRfQnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面刷漆都要针对墙面做基层处理,让墙面尽量保持平整。然后再均匀的刮一遍腻子,在腻子干透后,用粗砂纸进行抛光。最后就可以抹涂料了,可以抹两层涂料,尽量均匀不得漏涂!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKOGdGKiCoo84kxKeppccB69nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"到这一步油漆工完成之后,整个装修的硬装基本上就完成了。以上都是一些装修的施工环节,而施工环节之后,我们还要进行一些安装环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XMcIdUwIOoMcsYxAxdScSFEAnSb"},,"attrs":{"height":533,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"刷墙面漆","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e7a43ecc271149ca817b593d0fe15ca7","width":812},"text":"","id":"MO2udUcO0o8Kosx6QJRcdz6Ln6q"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqG0duuu0ooouOxAxV1c90cWnvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶是所有安装环节的第一个环节。在我们安装橱柜的时候,我们一定要将其防潮吸顶灯、排风扇(浴霸)应该已经买好了。这样可以一起安装完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6EsdY2CMo4Squx6in1cJtDgne6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"橱柜安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NegGd0smso4swmxIx5CczimXnKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫间的吊顶结束后,我们就可以约橱柜的商家上门安装橱柜了。一般安装橱柜最快就一天时间就完成了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ziead6sO4oecM4xEfNQcgdCGnke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在我们安装橱柜的时候,我们也可以将已买的水槽,灶台等送货上门安装了,然后一起进行安装。在这里大王就强调一点,燃气一定要提前开通好,因为安装完之后要进行试气的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCE6dym6AoSgkIx4aKZcwNaSn3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修木门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMUIdAEqwoIww8xGymocp0zTnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"橱柜安装完之后,下一步就要进行室内门安装了,注意一点的是,室内门要是定制的话,那一定要提前一个月定制,一般安装时间就一天时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MKS8dsWwcoiAQ4xEP5KctpSjn6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开关插座灯具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JeSEdy24mo80y8xAbAQcbr8Jnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"壁纸贴完之后,我们就要进行开关,插座以及灯具的安装,那在此之前,我们一定要根据水电工给到的开关,插座、灯具数量进行提前购买好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QOsKdMW6UoAyioxG2RHcZNylnhb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五金安装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWmsdOcmqoOkAGx6nmEcLpeon6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五金安装部分,这里主要指的是一些水龙头,卫浴挂件以及洁具、阳台的晾衣架等等安装。在这里提醒大家,五金一定要购买好的,不然后期很容易坏掉,一旦坏了,后期更换非常的麻烦然而我们安装完上下水管件。水龙头,角阀等一定要进行开关测试,看看是否有漏水的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sasodq4QqoE4Icxe4zdcSqQ8nrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开荒保洁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F28WdyESUo0GcCxQJDbcSwB8nqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修到上一步就全部完成了,接下来我们就要对其全屋彻底的清洁打扫了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rg4ed0M6soUESsxoK5yc6Lpqntb"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"开荒保洁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/998665321744491a83361b21d885cc18","width":400},"text":"","id":"UGEmdIossoW0Euxc0e2ctN8unOH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新房的开荒保洁是一项大工程,但如果选择好相应的工具就能够事半功倍。在开荒保洁的时候经常会利用到以下这些工具:例如大型吸尘吸水机,例如多功能擦地机,例如玻璃套装工具,例如加长杆等,还有梯子,水桶,还有铲刀等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAMqd6iGqoQkM0xymagc5ac9nng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备好相应的保洁工具,这样才能够更好的进行保洁工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Vw4Yd2484oSEYSx4M93c3OD1nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了要准备好相应的工具之外,也应该准备好相应的药剂。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"准备的药剂一般用以下这些:例如全能清洗剂,例如玻璃清洗剂,例如瓷砖清洗剂,例如陶瓷美缝剂,例如去胶剂,例如除渍剂,例如酸性清洁剂,例如洁厕灵,例如不锈钢清洗剂,例如不锈钢光亮剂,例如家私蜡等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwCSd8OMuoYmmyxYxIEcBkzynbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开荒保洁的时候,开荒保洁的顺序也很重要","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqOSdWaceoyCcaxGGsTcWgO4nUc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先应该清理现场留下的装修垃圾,之后由上到下全面除尘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UqqAdmUYIoKAOUxY7bFcDvDynEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在清洗玻璃的时候,应该先用毛巾把玻璃框架擦拭干净,之后再用玻璃水溶液,从上到下涂抹玻璃,这样可以将顽固的污渍清除。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PseWdoOeao68sWxmiLScJE81nmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房子打扫感觉后我们需要把窗户打开,让室内空气流动,这样可以让空气中的有害物质挥发出去。比如甲醛,也可以购买绿萝,放在室内吸收甲醛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASuqdEEcwo84o8xi0COcxhqBnvf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户装修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaImdi2QsoIS6OxzYawcBWIinDv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们买回来的房子一般是钢化玻璃,所以轻易不要换窗户玻璃,除非是有特殊要求的,那么才需要改装窗户,改装也需要选择大品牌,这样质量才会比较好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UuEidAiS0oqQIax8syTcH3BTnpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果房内的采光特别不好,必须改造窗户,那么我们可以改造成断桥铝窗,这种窗户比较结实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AOw0dWMmIoKEWQxKPZfc2BuXnMC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在安装窗户的时候有两点非常重要,大家可以参考一下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zmoyd2aGSoIgKexAlzfcGqJ9n4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、窗框铆定过程中,切忌在隔热条上固定,隔热条的强度有限,无法经受常年风压、自重等内外部作用力影响,而且隔热条一旦被打穿,窗户就不是断桥窗了,金属固定件连接了冷热桥,窗户的隔热性能因此丧失;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCMkdCo08oUIOsxwZILculosn2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、安装师傅一定要做好安全措施,消费者要和商家做好安全责任划分,窗户安装涉及高空作业,特种作业一旦发生相关安全生产事故,业主也会有法律风险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O0CadsqwOo4GAoxc9qgcxnNPnwd"},,"attrs":{"height":566,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户装修","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/963c7d26c917411188eb8a7b4ea2cbf8","width":828},"text":"","id":"ZcAidOQk6o4oaQxGMTVcEqtPnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户的装修完成后,我们还需要加装防盗窗和安装窗帘,防盗窗可以选用铝合金的,这样质量比较好,剩下的就是装修窗帘了,我们可以把买好的窗帘直接拿出来安装。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AoWQdGmEaoMyYqxGg9OcC0SBnUd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"家具、家电进场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GUCGdiMuqomgGcxaQzucXzddnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"完成基础装修后就开始安装家具家电了,可以把购买的沙发、床铺、冰箱、电视机等家具家电安装摆放在合适的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lu04dqWcQoekQix2fdscCFBEn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TG4SdU8Kgo6iSsxC4N2cXMDwnoe"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E小学生写的作文往哪里投稿可以有稿费
我常常将学生的优秀作文进行投稿,特整理了340个全国各地的小学生作文投稿常用的最新电子信箱,希望能对你的投稿有所帮助。并不是所有的投稿都有稿费的,但大多数投稿是给样刊样报的。
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95河北《快乐作文》(中)dalianmao999@126.com
96河北《快乐作文》12xiaotuya999@126.com
97河北《快乐作文》56dazuiba999@126.com
98河北《少年素质教育报》1ssyuwen1@163.com
99河北《少年素质教育报》2ssyuwen2@163.com
100河北《少年素质教育报》3ssyuwen3@163.com
101河北《少年素质教育报》4ssyuwen4@163.com
102河北《少年素质教育报》5ssyuwen5@163.com
103河北《少年素质教育报》6ssyuwen6@163.com
104河北《少智报读写版》3ywdx3@126.com
105河北《少智报读写版》4ywdx4@126.com
106河北《少智报读写版》5ywdx5@126.com
107河北《少智报读写版》6ywdx6@126.com
108河北《小学生必读》12liuliyungood@sohu.com
109河北《小学生必读》34zuoxiufang@sohu.com
110河北《小学生必读》56945890692@qq.com
111河北《学苑新报》3-61065471286@qq.com
112河北《语文周报》1ywzbxx1@vip.163.com
113河北《语文周报》2ywzbxx2@vip.163.com
114河北《语文周报》3ywzbxz3@163.com
115河北《语文周报》4ywzbxz4@163.com
116河北《语文周报》5ywzbxz5@163.com
117河北《语文周报》6ywzbxz6@163.com
118河南《疯狂作文》fkzwxxb@163.com
119河南《好少年》383198049@qq.com
120河南《金色少年》jinseshaonian@126.com
121河南《快乐学习报》yayadnb@163.com
122河南《下一代英才》2xydyc02@qq.com
123河南《小学生学习报》34xbznj4@163.com
124河南《小学生作文选刊》xiaoxuesheng360@163.com
125河南《小樱桃.好少年》2944178757@qq.com
126河南《小樱桃》12xoytohaha@126.com
127河南《小樱桃●童年阅读》282689767@qq.com
128河南《幼儿智力开发画报》hycbs@371.net
129河南《语文知识》ywzs@zzu.edu.cn
130河南《语言文字报》12yywzb@sina.com
131河南《作文》月刊zwbjb@126.com
132河南《作文指导报》34zwzdbxz@163.com
133河南《作文指导报》56zwzdbxg@163.com
134黑龙江《提前读写报》tqdxb789@163.com
135黑龙江《童花果》345201153@qq.com
136黑龙江《小豆丁》12cnxdd1@hotmail.com
137黑龙江《小学阅读指南》xxydzn@vip.163.com
138黑龙江《小学阅读指南》(高)xxydzn@vip.163.com
139黑龙江《小雪花》3-6sdmns@163.com
140黑龙江《小雪花●小学生快乐作文》ws1986.good@163.com
141黑龙江《学生之友》xszyzz@163.com
142黑龙江《作文成功之路》zuowencg_xx@126.com
143湖北《读写算》(低)dxsdx@163.com
144湖北《读写算》(高)dxs301@163.com
145湖北《读写算》(中)dxs302@163.com
146湖北《孩子天地》wcongjoy@yahoo.com.cn
147湖北《科学课》zrjw@tom.com
148湖北《马小跳》maxiaotiao2010@qq.com
149湖北《少年写作》bjb@snzj.net
150湖北《帅作文》szwxxb01@sina.com
151湖北《小桔灯作文》xjdxinxiang@126.com
152湖南《第二课堂》dektzx@163.com
153湖南《发明与创新》fmyczbjb@163.com
154湖南《花火.小学生作文辅导》3-6yangmeiok2004@yahoo.com.cn
155湖南《童话寓言》1916807076@qq.com
156湖南《小天使报》1-3xtsbao123@126.com
157湖南《小天使报》4xtsbao44@126.com
158湖南《小天使报》5xtsbao55@126.com
159湖南《小天使报》6xtsbao66@126.com
160湖南《小溪流》3-6xxlbjb@188.com
161湖南《小学生导刊》(低)xxsdk11@163.com
162湖南《小学生导刊》(高)xxsdk55@163.com
163湖南《小学生导刊》(中)xxsdk33@163.com
164湖南《学生●家长●社会》xjs1108@tom.com
165湖南《中外童话》zwtonghua@sina.com
166吉林《启迪与智慧》qdyzh39@163.com
167吉林《小学生故事》shuifenwang@163.com
168吉林《小学生阅读报》12xiao_yue_88@sina.com
169吉林《小学生阅读报》34tianbiye1983@163.com
170吉林《小学生阅读报》3-6zwxinbuluo@163.com
171吉林《小学生阅读报》56ly5634@163.com
172吉林《小学生阅读与写作》12jjzn@nenu.edu.cn
173吉林《小学生阅读与写作》34xytky@163.com
174吉林《小学生阅读与写作》56zhxm_jl@163.com
175吉林《小学生作文辅导》tongxin5644811@163.com
176吉林《小学时代●奥妙》xxsdam@126.com
177吉林《小学时代●妙笔作文》xxsdmb@126.com
178吉林《小学作文一点通》zwydt2008@163.com
179吉林《新伙伴》3-6zxxdj@263.net
180吉林《意林图解作文》2230082422@qq.com
181吉林《优秀作文选评》yxzwxiao@163.com
182吉林《语文同步周报》(3-4)592714093@qq.com
183吉林《阅读与作文》(高)ydyxwgao@tom.com
184吉林《阅读与作文》(中)ydyxwzhong@tom.com
185吉林《阅读与作文》12ydyzwdi@tom.com
186吉林《阅读与作文》56ydyzwgao@tom.com
187吉林《智慧少年》xingxue411@163.com
188吉林《作文与考试》(4-6)zuowenyukaoshi@126.com
189吉林《作文与考试》1-3duxiehuakan@126.com
190吉林《作文与阅读报》zwyydb@163.com
191吉林《作文之友.阅读版》3-6zwzyxx@163.com
192吉林四平《作文评点报》(3-6)zwdpbxxb@163.com
193吉林四平《作文评点报●作文素材》zwpdbxxscb@163.com
194江苏《创新作文与阅读》duyidu@126.com
195江苏《关心下一代周报》zbxjzwxs@163.com
196江苏《快乐文学》klwx2009@126.com
197江苏《七彩语文.习作》3-6qcywcn@163.com
198江苏《七彩语文》12qcyw2008@163.com
199江苏《七彩语文》34qicaiyw_zb@126.com
200江苏《七彩语文》56qicaiyw_gb@126.com
201江苏《全国优秀作文选》12yuhaomiao1982@163.com
202江苏《全国优秀作文选》3-6qgyxzwx@163.com
203江苏《少年文艺》zmeishu@QQ.com
204江苏《时代学习报》2-6lyzhoukan@163.com
205江苏《新语文学习》12xywxx_xx@163.com
206江苏《新语文学习》3-6xywxx_zw@yahoo.com.cn
207江苏《阅读》(高)yueduG@126.com
208江苏《阅读》(中)yueduZ@126.com
209江西《聪明泉》lmm105@sohu.com
210江西《读写月报》dxyb-xx@163.net
211江西《课程导报》3kcdbyw3@126.com
212江西《课程导报》4kcdbyw4@126.com
213江西《课程导报》5kcdbyw5@126.com
214江西《课程导报》6kcdbyw6@126.com
215江西《小猕猴》1-6997846884@qq.com
216江西《小星星》12zuowenmgc@163.com
217江西《小星星》4-621-xxx@vip.sina.com
218江西《小学生天地》xxstd22@sina.com
219江西《小学生之友》xsw0791@sina.com
220江西《作文100分》3-6zuowen100@163.com
221辽宁《少年大世界●A》1-3sndsja@163.com
222辽宁《少年大世界●B》4-6sndsjb@163.com
223辽宁《少年科普报》snkpb@263.net
224辽宁《文学少年》12lnwxsn@sina.com
225辽宁《文学少年》3-6LNWXSN@SINA.COM
226辽宁《小学生优秀作文》12xzwdnj@mail.lnpgc.com.cn
227辽宁《小学生优秀作文》34xzwznj@mail.lnpgc.com.cn
228辽宁《小学生优秀作文》56xxs@mail.lnpgc.com.cn
229辽宁《新少年》179329520@qq.com
230辽宁《语文辅导报》56ywfdb@126.com
231辽宁《作文评点报》12zwpdbdyb@163.com
232辽宁《作文评改报》3-6xxzwpgb@163.com
233内蒙古《百柳.简妙作文》jmzw66@126.com
234内蒙古《中外童话画刊》lxjcindy2008@163.com
235内蒙古《作文报》zwbs@263.net
236宁夏川《少年读者》youngreader@sina.com
237山东《成功少年》qdcgsn@163.com
238山东《成长先锋/智慧作文》xiaojizhe@yahoo.com.vn
239山东《聪明语文》ywking2008@16.com
240山东《当代小学生》12ddxxs_d@126.com
241山东《当代小学生》3-6ddxxs_g@126.com
242山东《红蕾》3-6hl.gushibaoku@163.com
243山东《金笔小作家报》3-6jbzwtg@163.com
244山东《齐鲁少年》qlshn@163.com
245山东《山东青年报.教育周刊》sdjyzk@163.com
246山东《少年天地.写作》sntdxx@163.com
247山东《小葵花》读写happyduxie@163.com
248山东《沿海作文报》zuowenbaoyhxx@126.com
249山东《中国小作家》zgxzj001@163.com
250山东《小笔头作文》xbtzw01@163.com
251山东《作文总动员》zw@zhiquyuan.com
252山西《青少年日记》qsnrjxiaoxue@163.com
253山西《小学生●新读写》xxstongtong@126.com
254山西《小学生拼音报》12xxspyb@pinyinbao.com
255山西《小学生拼音报》34pyblihua@126.com
256山西《小学生拼音报》56lxy66126@163.com
257山西《小学生杂志》379760704@qq.com
258山西《新课程》34xkchxy34@sina.com
259山西《新课程》56xkchxy56@sina.com
260山西《新作文》14994715@qq.com
261山西《学习报》34xiaoxue@xuexibao.com
262山西《学习报》56xiaoxue@xuexibao.com
263山西《学习方法报》1xxzbry1@126.com
264山西《学习方法报》2xxzbry2@126.com
265山西《学习方法报》3xxzbry3@126.com
266山西《学习方法报》4xxzbry4@126.com
267山西《学习方法报》6xxzbry6@126.com
268山西《语文报》12xyb12@ywtd.com.cn
269山西《语文报》34xyb34@ywtd.com.cn
270山西《语文报》56xyb56@ywtd.com.cn
271山西《中外童话故事》zwth331@sina.com
272山西《作文周刊》(3)xx3zwzk@163.com
273山西《作文周刊》(5)xx5zwzk@163.com
274山西《作文周刊》12xxdnj.zwzk@163.com
275山西《作文周刊》4xx4zwzk@163.com
276山西《作文周刊》6xx6zwzk@163.com
277陕西《爱读写》12aiduxie@126.com
278陕西《爱读写》3-6aiduxie@qq.com
279陕西《快乐日记》happyriji@126.com
280陕西《快乐童话》kuailetonghua@126.com
281陕西《快乐新语文》1-3383933741@qq.com
282陕西《快乐新语文》4-6aiyuwen2010@126.com
283陕西《快乐作文与阅读》kuaile.8@126.com
284陕西《趣味语文》12qwyw12@126.com
285陕西《趣味语文》3-6qwyw3456@126.com
286陕西《少年月刊》12snykb1976@sina.com
287陕西《少年月刊》3-6snyka1976@sina.com
288陕西《童话party》tonghuaparty@126.com
289陕西《童话世界》A版ithsja@163.com
290陕西《童话世界》B版thsjdayamei@163.com
291陕西《兴趣语文与阅读》2241695072@qq.com
292陕西《幽默小读者》ymxdz@qq.com
293陕西《做人与作文》zryzw@126.com
294上海《冰心少年文学》1759717803@qq.com
295上海《儿童时代》12klmmtougao@126.com
296上海《儿童时代》3-6tougao@childrenepoch.com
297上海《少年日报》shshaonianbao@yahoo.com.vn
298上海《为了孩子》children@online.sh.cn
299上海《小青蛙报》12christinezhou@163.com
300上海《小学科技》xxkj@sste.com
301上海《小主人报》xzrbsgjzx@163.com
302上海《中文自修》zhang_yuanwen@hotmail.com
303上海《作文世界》xuowenshijiesh@163.com
304上海《作文世界》zuowenshijiesh@163.com
305四川《红领巾●成长》hlj1951g@sina.com
306四川《红领巾●萌芽》hlj1951g@sina.xom
307四川《教育导报》jydbjjzk@21cn.com
308四川《课堂内外》gushidingdang@126.com
309四川《课堂内外●创新作文》3-6cxzw63659795@126.com
310四川《少年时代》12shaonianshidai92@sina.cn
311四川《少年时代》3-6cdhs804@163.com
312四川《娃娃丫丫》12wpwwhk@163.com
313四川《小学生生活》xxssh@126.com
314天津《开心学堂》kaixinxuetang@126.com
315天津《求知报》qzzks@126.com
316天津《少年心世界》snxsj@126.com
317天津《同学少年》txsn@sina.com
318天津《童话王国(原创版)》tonghuawg@126.com
319天津《小学生作文》(低)xxszw@126.com
320天津《小学生作文》56xxszw2@126.com
321香港《儿童报》ertongbao@163.com
322云南《蜜蜂报》mifengbao@sina.com
323云南《学生新报》xueshengxinbao@163.com
324浙江《21世纪少年作家》webmaster@sharpwriter.net
325浙江《轻松学语文》1426573224@qq.com
326浙江《少年作家》zjsnzj@163.com
327浙江《未来作家报》3-6xxb@wlzjb.com
328浙江《小爱迪生》xads2000@263.net
329浙江《小学生时代》xxssd@zjjybkzs.com
330浙江《小学生世界》12ertongshi@yahoo.com.cn
331浙江《幽默大师》molizhihui@qq.com
332浙江《幼儿智力世界》yzsj@zjcb.com
333浙江《智慧》读写1966417131@qq.com
334浙江《作文新天地》zwxtd@jxyk.com
335重庆《少年读者》12xueyuwen_xd@163.com
336重庆《少年读者》3-6xueyuwen_xg@163.com
337重庆《少年先锋报》snxfb@163.com
338重庆《世界儿童》shuxin517@yahoo.com.cn
339重庆《小学生新作文》xzw@new-class.cn
340重庆《小学生阅读》sjet@vip.sina.com
如何学国画
学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。
工具
首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。
笔
国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。
软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。
硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。
兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。
画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。
画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。
提示
笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。
笔架
笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。
调色盘
调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。
墨汁
中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。
以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。
推荐墨汁
墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。
1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。
2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。
3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。
4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。
5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。
颜料
矿物颜料
矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。
植物颜料
植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。
化学颜料
化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。
特点及用途
赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。
朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。
朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。
石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。
石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。
石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。
金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。
银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。
白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。
花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。
藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。
洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。
胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。
大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。
颜色调配方法
颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。
1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。
2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。
3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。
4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。
5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。
6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。
7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。
8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理
9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)
10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)
11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。
12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)
13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)
14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)
15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)
16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)
17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)
18、墨青色(花青+墨)
19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)
20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)
21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)
22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)
23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)
24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)
25、褐色(赭石+墨)
26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)
27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)
28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)
29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)
30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)
31、四绿色(三绿+白色)
32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)
33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)
34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)
35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)
36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)
推荐颜料
目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。
初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)
宣纸
写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。
画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。
用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。
推荐用纸
与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。
徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。
在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。
生宣纸
熟宣纸
镇纸
作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。
镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。
推荐镇纸
现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。
1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸
2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸
3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸
4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸
5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸
手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。
6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸
7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸
笔洗
笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。
笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。
初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。
毛毡
制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。
用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。
初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。
购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。
如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。
砚台
砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的,初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。
其他
纸胶带/水胶带:绷宣纸用的;
喷壶:绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用;
底纹笔/底纹刷:用来刷底色的大刷子,羊毫做的,要很软才行;
美工钉、盘子(调色用)。
国画技法
国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面,其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法)。
构思——又叫立意,即作画之前的形象思维过程。
构图——即六法中的“经营位置”,又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。
用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”,有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染,笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。
用墨——经历代画家发展有:焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色,运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨(即浓淡相生)等具体技法。
设色——白描:不设色,全用线条表现,或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩:一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩:以墨色为主调,敷以淡彩色。没骨:纯用色彩画,并不勾线。(纯用墨点染,不沟勒的亦叫没骨。)
收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾,使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。
笔墨
中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中,已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。
笔墨表现形式
有白描、工笔、写其细部,整个画面纯用墨色,有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部,整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描从线条的粗细可分三类:较粗的线条叫琴弦,较细的线条叫铁线,极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品,钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描,都突“写”字,使每一条线具有书法气韵。
工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔,工即工整工细之意,敷色也层也渲染,显得浑厚浓重。
工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的,根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀,贯穿着整个事物形体的始终,表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此,线条成为画面的统领者,其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。
写意——只写物象的大意,用笔简练流畅,笔墨自然,不用色的写意画,又称“水墨画”。
勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线,中间用墨或用色平涂。
粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗,比写意要工。
粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。
没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。
泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。
界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。
设色
设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。
墨彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。
淡彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。
粉彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。
重彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。
线描
中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。
用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。
白描
中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。
刘公华白描仕女图
皴法
国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。
石涛深山秋水图
皴法的种类
一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。
墨法
古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。
用墨之法
一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。
积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。
破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。
用笔六要
一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。
二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。
三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。
四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。
五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。
六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。
国画笔法
讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。
国画的笔法有六种,分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。
中锋
中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。
侧锋
侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。
逆锋
逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大,笔锋聚散,松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬,力透纸背,但缺少柔劲。不可常用,适可而止。
露锋
于藏锋的运笔刚好相反,它以笔尖着纸,故意露出笔锋,收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。
藏锋
笔锋要藏而不露,画出的线条才沉着含蓄,力透纸背。
顺锋
运笔与逆锋相反,采用拖笔运行,画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。
扩展资料
所谓笔法,写字作画用笔的方法,即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现,所用工具都是尖锋毛笔,要使书画的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。
国画有着自己明显的特征,讲究“气韵生动”,不拘泥于物体外表的肖似,而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”,追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。
讲究笔墨神韵,笔法要求:平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、浓、重、淡、清。
讲究“骨法用笔”,不讲究焦点透视,不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。
讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。
国画分科
国画总分为工笔和写意两种,大致又分工笔花鸟,工笔山水,工笔人物,写意花鸟,写意山水,写意人物等。写意用生宣,工笔用熟宣,也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。
国画的细分科按形式分,工笔,写意;工笔讲究“工”,用笔细致,需要细细勾勒反复渲染的;写意讲“意”,用笔洒脱,以形写神,一笔到位。按题材分,人物、花鸟、山水。
工笔
工笔画步骤
起稿
可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。
也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!
绷稿
要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟
所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。
1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。
2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。
3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。
4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。
5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。
注意事项:
1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。
2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。
3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。
4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。
勾线
勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。
中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。
侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。
勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。
着染
传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法,以体现山脉特有的肌理。
分染:是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时,准备一支笔蘸色,一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色,它的优点是色彩厚重饱和,层次变化丰富,表现力强。
罩染:绘画,在着色时,先铺底,后罩色,这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色,颜色应厚重一些,可以层层复加。由深到淡,要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色,颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点,目的是使二者相得益彰,产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。
背染:在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重,丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的,要想画的细腻,这些动作可能要重复很多遍。
复勾
有些地方染完颜色后,之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了,需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡,颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气,线条尽量保持流畅,毕竟是附在最上面的。
刷胶矾水
为了防止熟绢跑矾,在设色之前,要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸,称作生绢、生宣,是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸,其性能发生了改变,称之为熟绢、熟宣,适合画工笔画。
1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。
胶:黄明胶,又名广胶,颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟,去掉浮灰,加入热水搅拌,胶粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用开水,开水会使粘度降低。
矾:又称明矾,主要产自安徽庐江,头天用凉水浸泡,第二天用。
2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当,矾大胶小,染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔,墨、色易脱落等问题。
3、刷胶矾水,刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天,温度过低胶矾会很快凝固,不易刷匀。
装裱
古语有云:“三分字画,七分裱”,精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护,同时也能起到烘托字画,突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后,再用绞、绢、纸等镶边,然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的,但其成品按形制可分为挂轴,手卷,册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。
第一步:观察字画
揣摩原作的气度,以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。
第二步:托裱画心
1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上,用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花;
2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时,用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆;
3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷,一手持略大于画心的托纸,对齐一边,用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸,逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面;
4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊;
5、待画心略干后,轻轻揭起,转贴至挣墙晾干。
第三步:镶条
1、待画心干透,用裁刀将其从墙面取下,裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分;
2、在画心四角均匀抹浆,镶上助条;
3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。
第四步:覆背
在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。
第五步:装框
已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。
注意事项
一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料
推荐临摹书籍
人物
白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。
工笔设色
《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等
《簪花仕女图》局部
《虢国夫人游春图》局部
花鸟
宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。
山水
山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。
写意
国画的一种画法,用笔不苛求工细,注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画,兴起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓,让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。
分类
写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。
欣赏写意画
画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。
古代写意画
现代写意画
绘画步骤
白菜、萝卜画法
①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。
②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。
③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。
④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。
牵牛花画法
①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。
②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。
③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。
④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。
花球画法
①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。
②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。
③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。
④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。
枇杷画法
①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。
②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。
③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。
④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。
玉兰画法
①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。
②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。
③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。
推荐临摹书籍
山水
董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。
花鸟
恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。
人物
梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。
学习步骤
临摹
临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。
临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。
临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。
临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。
结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。
写生
通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。
写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。
画外功
与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。
创作
初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。
创作阶段
第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。
第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。
第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。
学国画素材
花鸟素材
竹子
1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。
2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。
牡丹
1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。
2、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。
3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。
麻雀
1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。
2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。
小鸡
1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。
2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。
翠鸟
1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部,运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴与鸟爪,最后用藤黄染眼珠。
2、三青加花青点出头部,用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴,再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛,用淡赭石画出腹部,浓墨勾画轮廓,朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪,藤黄染眼珠。
喜鹊
蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛,浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹,画背羽留白羽,浓墨画翅羽,并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹,腿爪用浓墨勾画,鹅黄染眼珠。
学国画的好处
学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。
1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段,少年时,可以以画言志;青壮年时,生活压力巨大,可以以画解压;等到年过中年,孩子都已成家立业,自己也临近退休,内心难免会有孤独之感,此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀,艺术修养的不断提升,他的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。
2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境,讲究内涵,真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情,培养艺术气息,陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你,生活中有了艺术,你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。
3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点,在学国画时,注意力集中,执笔、行笔要运气用力,这样就养成了良好的学习习惯,不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力,而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},,"attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},,"attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},,"attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97efa27fcaba4da0b72938b8850e1458","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoKiqqx8uRVciWVunIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaqideCGIoiUSyx4qfScwXEtnTg"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a77679774424deebee047dbd80de3a4","width":340},"text":"","id":"LAeodAAkmo4wOgxqY5cciFDBncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HY6Cd24Eyoas46xGrUXcpzhsnfb"},,"attrs":{"height":343,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4067fae8ce954b9d8bfcdcc4d10c1d96","width":456},"text":"","id":"LgWSdIEaWow0MWxQdPXcCfS8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGUsdwWowoUSC6xqQDgcQLdZnHh"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b519c8acb494c4f950d04600a430101","width":300},"text":"","id":"Lwqwd2iGUo0u88xqbEVcDwGxn8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQCgdQAGYo4o0axSQIwcTioGnLb"},,"attrs":{"height":470,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec0d74204739466988315d9a98adc9a0","width":467},"text":"","id":"I6YSdyicOoYKAexE1lScQPCYnwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIkudAqIkoEKwuxWk0AcD1Xtnwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0gWdkw40o8i4kxgT22cz0YEnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PI04dcOywo0giExaqAvc1ITYnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQCcdQa2co8W4CxWMHlcAZOMnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgKedyU2EogG8sxuWfXc1PvNnpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAaCdomgWoes4Ex4Vr8cfh36nTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VowGdeOKMoUoAyxshKvcKTljnFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特点及用途","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0YudI62SoaW4Cx4i4Jc2EBTnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iq4edcGiCoGY0ix6wAlck0MdnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TsWWd8smOoO2sGxi0gLc21VmnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ2GdKOIQoEiGgxkJ5NcTVPinTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWmCdEQkio6UgwxEZ0CcuCXWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NoYUdQYweoScoMxiGYYcRUcKn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kss4de8OIomieqxGoZvco02Fn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYUkd4yYioGC6ExiohJcsbS7nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaymdsuKSoogoOxqYv4cTYFFnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOIyduE8oouUY8xPHgIcdr6tnwz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色(花青+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色(赭石+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色(三绿+白色)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},,"attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41e1d95b6acf409292978e4241f53b42","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d67ca780bafb49768ce6ec5abe21e67d","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff72111d3cad4e8aaddb9e9ca384cfcb","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},,"attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e629ba2e44842e399767d287b8a873c","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},,"attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c31bba533585492cafc91b26446c78d7","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},,"attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},,"attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},,"attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},,"attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},,"attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},,"attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"h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"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},,"attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},,"attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},,"attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},,"attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},,"attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},,"attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9b515ef54a3da7b98adaf6d0a955","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q0eadwC88oomeQxCOuDc2LZgnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIgidM648okMeqxKgQZcClkBnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EE88dWiWgo8EEaxuUircxgkQnT8"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1b7cdb4942648cca37ed66f43cb449a","width":1280},"text":"","id":"YGa8deIEkosOyCxkFDGcfOKRnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2w4diuQWoGgskx67jScG3jqnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},,"attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},,"attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},,"attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},,"attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a0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"attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},,"attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9424f151629346aea31f61353108e8ba","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},,"attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632de4513c7049449ee62d8f5ea4d1af","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCso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,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步:覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步:装框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},,"attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5758b24e6854e70b1182bc120082331","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},,"attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cf54bbe0d664254afd91633cc5b611f","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},,"attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},,"attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8b26e04ba654cb4881b5270e3a1139d","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b999d32ae9914cae85aa9e3bcdb80f1d","width":481},"text":"","id":"H8cSdiQMuo42soxwLNgcLL3lnyc"}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的一种画法,用笔不苛求工细,注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画,兴起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓,让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},,"attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},,"attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},,"attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},,"attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},,"attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},,"attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},,"attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},,"attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},,"attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},,"attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},,"attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a54e2d5df928466db4159176960f1218","width":1080},"te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